Lu Qi from Tulane University and colleagues conducted an observational study and found that morning coffee consumption is associated with lower all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. The analysis included 40,725 adult participants in the American national survey NHANES from 1999 to 2018 and 1,436 studies of the Women's and Men's Lifestyle Validation Study, for which data on coffee drinking preferences and mortality were available. The average follow-up period for participants was 9.8 years. The results were published in the European Heart Journal.
During the observation period, there were 4295 deaths from all causes, 1268 from cardiovascular diseases and 934 from cancer. After adjustment for confounding factors, morning coffee consumption was significantly associated with a reduced risk of death from all causes: average hazard ratio (HR) 0.84 (95% CI 0.74–0.95), and especially from cardiovascular diseases (HR 0.69; 95% CI 0.55–0.87). Moreover, the risk tended to be lower, the more coffee the participants drank.