Lu Qi of Tulane University and colleagues conducted an observational study and found that morning coffee consumption is associated with lower all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. The analysis included 40,725 adult participants in the NHANES survey from 1999 to 2018 and 1,436 participants in the Women's and Men's Lifestyle Validation Study, for which data on coffee consumption preferences and mortality were available. The average follow-up period was 9.8 years. The results were published in the European Heart Journal.
During the follow-up period, 4,295 deaths occurred from all causes, 1,268 from cardiovascular causes, and 934 from cancer. After adjusting for confounding factors, morning coffee consumption was significantly associated with a reduced risk of death from all causes: average hazard ratio (HR) 0.84 (95% CI 0.74–0.95), and especially from cardiovascular causes (HR 0.69; 95% CI 0.55–0.87). Moreover, the risk tended to be lower the more coffee participants drank.
